Overview of network art projects
 

1922	"Telephone Paintings"		László Moholy-Nagy

1955	Ray Johnson undertakes early mail art activities	New York City	Ray Johnson	Johnson had a substantial mailing list (of some two hundred art world and poular culture figures) to whom he begins sending moticos, cutouts on black paper resembling modern hieroglyphics. These mail art activities became known as The New York Correspondance School in 1962.	W

1961	Planning begins for Fluxus magazine		George Maciunas and Dick Higgins	Conceived partly in response to the perceived need for a distribution mechanism for artists' work. In 1964 and 1968, Fluxus periodicals Fluxus I and Fluxus II appeared, assembled by Maciunas. The idea of the periodical expaned, offering new and interactive performative-based experiences for the viewer/participant. Fluxus yearbooks, yearboxes, and Fluxkits were also published.

1968	Dial-a-Poem	New York City	John Giorno	Answering machines function as a venue for "randomly accessible creative expression."	W
1968	Art by Telephone exhibition	Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago	Siah Armajani, Richard Artschwager, John Baldessari, Iain Baxter, Mel Bochner, Geoge Brecht, Jack Burnham, James Lee Byars, Robert H. Cumming, Francoise Dallegret, Jan Dibbets, John Giorno, Robert Grosvenor, Hans Haacke, Richard Hamilton, Dick Higgins, Davi Det Hompson, Robert Huot, Alani Jacquet, Ed Kienholz, Joseph Kosuth, Les Levine, Sol LeWitt, Robert Morris, Bruce Nauman, Claes Oldenburg, Dennis Oppenheim, Richard Serra, Robert Smithson, Guenther Uecker, Stan Van Der Beek, Bernar Venet, Frank Lincoln, Viner Wolf Vostell, William Wegman, William T. Wiley	Shortly after its opening, the Museum of Contemporary Art planned an exhibition to record the trend, incipient then and pervasive today, toward conceptualization of art. This exhibition, scheduled for the spring of 1968 and abandoned because of technical difficulties, consisted of works in different media, conceived by artists in this country and Europe and executed in Chicago on their behalf. The telephone was designated the most fitting means of communication in relaying instructions to those entrusted with fabrication of the artists' projects or enactment of their ideas. To heighten the challenge of a wholly verbal exchange, drawings, blueprints or written descriptions were avoided. -Jan van der Marck	W

1969	Omnibus News appears	based in Munich	Contributors from eight countries; Thomas Niggl, Christian d'Orville, and Heimrad Prem, editors	Interested individuals are invited to submit copies of their single-page contributions, which were accepted with no editing or censorship. The contributors were then assembled into a periodical of approximately 200 bond pages. Copies were distributed back to artists and via other channels.
1969	Telex art	Canada	N.E. Thing Co., Ltd. (Iain and Ingrid Baxter)	Registered "company" used telex to establish a "virtual identity" as well as to send instructions to remote galleries and museums on how to set up its pieces.
Sep 1969	Prototype of the Internet (ARPANET) successfully tested	University of California at Los Angeles and participating institutions	Researchers and scientists at the participating institutions	Development of interface message processors allows different remote systems and programs to communicate with one another. (The ARPA in ARPANET ws the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense.)	W
Jan 1969-Jul 1994	Duration Piece No. 13	primarily U.S.	Douglas Huebler	One hundred one dollar notes were circulated accompanied by a letter saying that anyone sending the note back to Huebler will receive $1,000 in return.
1969	Wipe Cycle	Howard Wise Gallery in New York City	Frank Gillette and Ira Schneider	First exhibited at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York in 1969 ("TV as a Creative Medium?"). It consisted of nine monitors whose displays were controlled by synchronized cycle patterns of live and delayed feedback, broadcast television, and taped programming shot by Gillette and Schneider with portable equipment. These were displayed through alternations of four programmed pulse signals every two, four, eight, and sixteen seconds. Separately, each of the cycles acted as a layer of video information, while all four levels in concert determined the overall composition of the work at any given moment.	W

1970	Labyrinth	Jewish Museum, New York City	Ted Nelson and Ned Woodman	Interactive catalogue for Jack Burnham's Software exhibition. Early hypertext system allowed participants to browse, gather information about the exhibit, then print out an individually profiled search record.	W
20 Sep-6 Oct 1970	Ray Johnson: New York Correspondance School exhibition	Whitney Museum of Art	Ray Johnson's New York Correspondance School correspondents; Ray Johnson and Marcia Tucker, cocurators	Exhibition included everything sent to the museum in response to an invitation Johnson sent out to his correspondents.
1970-1971	Notebook I (1970) and Space Atlas (1971) appear	U.S. and Canada	Dana Atchley, editor	Described as "community notebooks assembling." The first of these periodicals contains works by 60 contributors; the second comprise 120, from seven countries. Copies of each were distributed evenly among contributors.	W
1970	Conspiracy 8	Guggenheim Museum, New York City - MIT, Boston	Gordon Mumma	Collaborative project by Mumma and Stephen Smoliar, then a doctoral candidate in applied mathematics at the MIT. The present recording documents it's February 20, 1970, premiere at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of MIT, with Mumma performing on a bowed musical saw processed sporadically with cybersonics, and Smoliar at the audible teletype console, communicating in real time with a large PDP-6 computer.	W

1970-1971	Notebook I (1970) and Space Atlas (1971) appear	U.S. and Canada	Dana Atchley, editor	Described as "community notebooks assembling." The first of these periodicals contains works by 60 contributors; the second comprise 120, from seven countries. Copies of each were distributed evenly among contributors.	W
1971	NET manifesto published	originated in Poland	Jaroslaw Kozlowski (a director of an alternative gallery) and Andrzej Kostolowski (a critic), authors	Outlined as a new strategy of networking for artists in which an open strategy of networking is central. Mailed to 189 international artists, who are invited to be cocurators of the proposed NET. Reissued in 1972.	W
1971-1972	Town Fool Project	Victoria, British Columbia, Canada	Anna Freud Banana	Tables set up at local gatherings combining parody with market systems. Included distributing degrees in Bananalogy, via mail art networks, and playful network dramas about buying and selling.	W
1971	Utopia: Telex Q&A	U.S.	E.A.T.	Founded in 1966 in New York City by artists Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman and engineers Billy Kluver and Fred Waldhauer, Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.) pioneered the field of telecommunication art. In 1971 with Telex (Q&A) the public of four countries was invited to exchange questions and answers via Telex concerning their predictions for 1981. Over 400 questions were sent and answered during a month, using telexes as a "Utopian News Service" that harnessed a distributed collective intelligence as a prediction method. Ten years later, E.A.T. collected the New York Times for one month for comparing how the world of 1981 differed or resembled the predictions people had made about it in 1971.	W

1971-1972	Town Fool Project	Victoria, British Columbia, Canada	Anna Freud Banana	Tables set up at local gatherings combining parody with market systems. Included distributing degrees in Bananalogy, via mail art networks, and playful network dramas about buying and selling.	W
1972	Media Suitcase installation	documentas, Kassel, Germany	Gottfried Bechtold	Collection of various media, ranging from photography and slide through to Super8 and unrecorded videotape; buyers were directed to use the videotape for filming, thereby extending the archive.

1977	Happening promoted through mail art	Ricerche Inter/Media Centro Autogestito di Attivita Espressive, Ferrara, Italy	Paulo Bruscky	27 citizens of Ferrara received by mail a section of a work by Bruscky, divided into 27 parts, to be reassembled by the recipients.
1977	Satellite Arts (The Image as Place)	U.S. East and West Coasts, linked via NASA satellite	Kit Galloway, Sherrie Rabinowitz and Mobilus dancers	The first use of audiovisual composite imaging for a performance-based telecommunications telecollaboration and an emulation of immersive and virtual-image space/place. Two groups of dancers in two outdoor locations three thousand miles apart were linked, over four days, in a performance space "with no geographical boundaries".	W
1977	Flyer circulated soliciting artists' work for new assembling magazine, Commonpress	Varied with participants	Various; Pawel Petasz, central coordinator of issues	Further development in models of participatory publishing, with participants each taking a turn at collecting materials, editing, printing and distributing issues, at their own expense. More than 60 issues were published between 1977 and 1990.
1977	Early performance of networked computer music	Mills College, Oakland, California	Jim Horton, Rich Gold	KIM computers linked together for a performance in which Gold interacted with his artificial-language program while Horton ran an early algorithmic piece.
Feb 1977	Four places two figures one ghost	Whitney Museum of Arts	Douglas Davis	A performance "which was simultaneously cablecast to a large live audience outside the walls of the museum".
24 Jul 1977	The Last Nine Minutes	Documenta 6, Kassel	Douglas Davis, Nam June Paik, Joseph Beuys	Live performance for international satellite telecast. This performance, presented for German TV's first live satellite transmission marking the opening of the Documenta VI in Kassel, is a continuation of Douglas Davis' works on telecommunication. His exhortations of the viewers to establish contact with him via the TV screen are made all the more pointed by the physical distance between two continents. Davis was preceded by two 10-minute performances by Nam June Paik and Joseph Beuys respectively. Broadcasted by West German TV to many countries, including the USSR.	W
10-11 Sep 1977	Two-Way-Demo: Send/Receive	New York City - San Francisco	Liza Bear, Keith Sonnier, Willoughby Sharp	The live 2.5-hour broadcast between New York and San Francisco. Put into position in 1976, the NASA Satellite CTS is used for the occasion. The New York-based station, MCTV, receives a cable signal by satellite. Other participating artists included Andy Horowitz (alongside the organizers on the East Coast), and Sharon Grace, Carl Loeffler and Terry Fox on the West Coast. The broadcast consisted of discussion and debate, readings, and prerecorded video footage. The broadcast reaches almost 25,000 spectators.	W
1977	WorldPool	Toronto - New York City	Norman White, Judith Doyle, Willoughby Sharp	Experiments with fax exchanges.	W

Early 1980s	Banana Rag begins operating as mail art forum and news source zine	Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada	Anna Freud Banana	Hand-drawn and -printed periodical distributed via mail networks. Associated with mail art network.	W
1980	Hole-in-Space, A Public Communication Sculpture	New York (Lincoln Center) - Los Angeles (Broadway department store, Century City)	Kit Galloway, Sherrie Rabinowitz	Live satellite communications were used over three days to create a new social space linking public on the streets of the two citis, each interacting with the public in the other city via screens in shop windows.	W
16 Feb 1980	Artists' Use of Telecommunications Conference	CAMBRIDGE (USA): Center for Advanced Visual Studies/M.I.T. (Aldo Tambellini etc.) HAWAII: University Art Department (John Southworth etc.) JAPAN: Tsukuba University (Michael Goldberg etc.) NEW YORK: 1. Alternative Media Center/New York City University (Douglas Davis, Martin Neisenholtz etc.) 2. Center for New Art Activities (Willoughby Sharp, Lisa Bear) SAN FRANCISCO: La Mamelle & San Franscisco Museum of Modern Art (Bill Bartlett, Carl Loeffler (Org.) with Liza Bear, Sharon Grace, Gene Youngblood) TORONTO: Trinity Video and Ontario College of Art (Norman White etc.) VANCOUVER: Western Front Society (Hank Bull, Kate Craig, Glen Lewis etc.) VICTORIA (Canada): I.P. Sharp Ass. (Mike Powell etc.) VIENNA: Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts (Robert Adrian, Grita Insam (Org.) with Ernst Caramelle, Valie Export, Karl Kowanz, Richard Kriesche, Helmut Mark & Peter Weibel.)	Organised by Bill Bartlett and Carl Loeffler	Participants in Vienna, Tokyo, Vancouver, Hawaii, New York, Boston, and San Francisco were brought together using IP Sharp APL Timesharing System and either a worldwide teleconference linkup or slow-scan TV and Audiolink.	W
1980-1981	Publication of periodical Artforum begins	Poland	Various contributors to each issue and Pawel Petasz	Contributors to this magazine of mail art and ephemeral art receive issues consisting of a single sheet of homemade paper on which is typed a "table of contents" listing the submissions that have gone into the issue-literally, in this case, as Petasz pulps the contributions and produces the paper on which the contents list of printed. The print run for each issue is determined by the number and size of contributions. Title is a play on that of the influential art world publication, Art Forum.

1974-1982	Advertisements for creation of artificial aurora borealis	Brazilian and U.S. publications	Paulo Bruscky	Ads placed in newspapers to circulate and document a proposed project to create an artificial aurora borealis, using airplanes to color cloud formations.
1982	Radio Polybucket open	Tokyo	Tetsuo Kogawa and others	The earliest mini-FM station in Japan. Evolved into Radio Home Run, which broadcast until 1996, then was reactivated as an Internet radio station, Net.RadioHome Run.
27-28 Sep 1982	Telematic event: "The World in 24 Hours"	Linz (Ars Electronica) and other 15 cities	Robert Adrian X	Electronic networking event in the Upper Austrian regional studio in Linz. Artists in 16 cities on three continents were linked for 24 hours.	W

11-23 Dec 1983	La Plissure du Texte: A Planetary Fairytale	In the exhibition Electra: Electricity and Electronics in the Art of the Twentieth Century, Musee Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris	Roy Ascott and artists participating in 11 cities in Europe, North America, and Australia, Frank Popper, curator	Collaborative storytelling project involving computer conferencing network of artists using ARTEX, an electronic-mail program. Project was active on-line 24 hours a day for 12 days. Several authors in various countries were working on an interactive "planetary fairy-tale". Every day the computer terminal disgorged the contributions of the other characters and it was up to each node to formulate a response that would further thicken the plot and send it out on the E-mail net. Visitors to the exhibition Electra, which was organized at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 1983, were able to witness the production of a text on screens connected to the authors' computer terminals.	W
1983-1984	Answering machine "site"	Burning Books, San Francisco	Patrick Sumner and others, including Jon Livingston, Michael Peppe, and Sheila Davies	A short, specially commissioned audio work was made available to those who dialed the number provided on a series of 12 postcards distributed to advertise the site; each week, a different work was offered.
1983	Contact	Tel-Aviv	Natan Karczmar	"projet utilisant un réseau de vingt-quatre postes téléphoniques"

1989	Aspects of Gaia: Digital Pathways across the Whole Earth	Ars Electronica	Roy Ascott	Telematic project installation in two parts: (1) computer graphic images installed in tents, contributed by networkers around the world, able to be manipulated by participants. These presented a "bird's-eye" view. (2) Tunnel that participants entered on their backs by means of a small, railed vehicle. Signs from various networkers displayed thoughts and ideas in the tunnel.	W
1989	Ornitorrinco Project	Presented in many shows internationally	Eduardo Kac and Ed Bennett	Small telerobot created in Chicago. Developed versions employed telecommunications to mediate relations among people, animals, plants and robots. Initial sketches were begun in 1987, and the project remained in various stages of development through 1996.
1989	"HubRenga"	KPFA-FM, Berkeley; supported by a grant from the InterArts Program of the National Endowment for the Arts	The Hub joined by Ramon Sender and other poets from the Bay Area's pre-Web network, The Well.	During this poetry/music/radio performance, poets submitted renga poetry via The Well. Ramon Sender, as moderator, read the pieces aloud. One Hub member also received the texts on his computer, which filtered for preprogrammed keywords, triggering specific musical responses from the Hub. Poets also listened to the piece over the radio while they were shaping it through The Well.	W
17 Jan 1989	Art's Birthday: Hyper Space Radio	Radio FM, Alberta - Western Front, Vancouver - CiTR FM, Vancouver	Robert Kozinuk, Iain Macanulty, Lowell Morris, Sheri-D Wilson and Gordan Murray at the Western Front, Norm van Rassel and Peter Courtemanche at CiTR, HP at Radio FM	Hyper Space Radio for Art's Birthday 1989 connected CiTR radio (101.9FM in Vancouver, an independent radio station at the University of British Columbia) with "Poptart TV" at the Western Front and RADIA FM in Banff, Alberta via teleconferencing for a one-hour broadcast. The participants followed an elusive script that provided cues and times as to when and what to perform. "You get three radios for the price of one, i.e. free!"	W

1990-1991	Performances via Pegasus	Australia	Andrew Garton and others	Pegasus was the first Australian Internet service provider. Performances included live text readings, Poets at the Café Byron. The 1991 federal election had updates on Green candidates sent to a Pegasus newsgroup.	W
Fall 1990-1991	Gulf Crisis TV Project	In conjunction with Deep Dish TV Network and WYBE, Philadelphia	First series included the work of over a hundred producers from dozens of U.S. locations	Videos documenting local anti-Gulf War events, featuring interviews with dissident experts, intellectuals, and artistic and cultural critiques, were produced. The programe were uplinked to the Deep Dish TV Network and so reached hundreds of local cable stations. Wide distribution of tapes was also encouraged, and the network also linked to video collectives internationally.
1991	Telefonia	Winterthur and the Saentis mountain (both in Switzerland) and New York	Andres Bosshard, Ron Kuivila	An intercontinental telematic installation connecting to three sites, one of several huge outdoor sound projects Bosshard realized before joining the Chip-Radio team.
1991	"Four Decades of Composing"	Pauline Oliveros		Pauline Oliveros celebrates "Four Decades of Composing" with a six-city video telephone broadcast.
end of 1991	The Thing started	New York		"The Thing" entered the telephone net in New York as a simple mailbox or bulletin board system (BBS).
1-17 Jan 1991	International Festival of Telecommunications Art (incl. Art's Birthday National Public Holiday)	Vancouver - Rio De Janeiro, Tokyo, Baker Lake, Hamburg	Western Front, Mike Hentz and Benjamin Heidersberger (Van Gogh TV), and others	Western Front made connections with universities, artist groups and individuals in Rio De Janeiro, Tokyo and Baker Lake. A team of European correspondents (Van Gogh TV, Hamburg) joined by videophone from various cities. On January 17th, FAX and Slowscan transmissions throughout the day.	W

1992-1993	"ZERO - The Art of being Everywhere"	Austria	Robert Adrian X, Gerfried Stocker, and Seppo Gruendler	Year-long project included ZEROnet, a bulletin board system for artists, and produced the symposium "On Line - Kunst im Netz."
Sep 1993	FIERCE/InterRave	Brisbane, Australia	Andrew Garton and various performers, networking experts, and artists	A fundraising event that raised money to buy modems for nongovernmental organizations in Sarawak, Malaysia. Included an Internet Relay Chat channel, with conversations from around the world projected onto video screens.	W
1 Dec 1993	REALTIME	Graz, Innsbruck, and Linz, Austria	Isabella Bordoni, Gerfried Stocker, Andres Bosshard, Horst Hoertner, Mia Zabelka, Roberto Paci Daló, Waldemar Rogojsza, Tamas Ungvary, Kurt Hentschläger, Michael Kreihsl, Martin Schitter, Hans Soukoup, and others	A telematic concert performance in real time, taking place simultaneously at three regional studios of the National Austrian Raio and Television (ORF) and broadcast live on TV and radio.	W
16-17 Jan 1993	Art's Birthday Celebration and Protest	various locations in Vancouver - Innsbruck	Matt Rogalsky and Dan Scheidt (Western Front, Vancouver), Seppo Gründler (ZERO project, Innsbruck), Kenneth O'Heskin, and many others	Vancouver composers Matt Rogalsky and Dan Scheidt connected Western Front with Seppo Gründler and others at the ZERO project in Innsbruck, Austria, for a live MIDI jam session. Kenneth O'Heskin demonstrated his new art invention, "The Juggler/Le Jongleur". Broadcasted live on WENR RADIO.	W

Jan 1969-Jul 1994	Duration Piece No. 13	primarily U.S.	Douglas Huebler	One hundred one dollar notes were circulated accompanied by a letter saying that anyone sending the note back to Huebler will receive $1,000 in return.
Feb-May 1994	Mail-Art: Netzwerk der Kunstler exhibition	PTT Museum, Bern, Switzerland	H. R. Fricker, Gunther Ruch, and M. Vanci Stirnemann, curators	One of several shows of mail art mounted in postal museums throughout the world in the 1990s. Work was drawn from the curators' collections and included an opening-day fax project.
4-5 Nov 1994	"Before and After Ambient"	The Kitchen, New York City - Santa Monica, London		An Inaugural Event of the new Electronic Cafe at The Kitchen. Weekend festival of ambient music featuring live color PictureTelé video links between the ECI in Santa Monica and the new ECI @ The Kitchen in New York City, continues. In Santa Monica, Meridian Dream and Balance, DJ Daniel (of Moontribe) Visuals by Future Lighting and Dream Vision Extatica. Transmitting from New York: live performances by David Behrman, Cypher 7, DJ Terre Thaemlitz, DJ Tetavo. From their studio in London, new sounds of Future Sound of London. The latest CD from Future Sound of London includes Tele-collaborative Ambient Music from this event.	W
1994	"Three Cities"	ECI-Santa Monica, ECI-New York, and ECI-Affiliate Studio X in Santa Fe	Morton Subotnick, David Rosenboom, Steina Vasulka with Leo Smith and J.B. Floyd	Multimedia tele-concert, produced by Electronic Cafe International. Featuring Morton Subotnick, David Rosenboom, Steina Vasulka with Leo Smith and J.B. Floyd. Produced in collaboration with the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Funding was provided to CalArts by AT&T. The three part evening began with a performance by Morton Subotnick, in New York, who played the Yamaha Disklavier in Santa Monica using finger controlled midi triggers. The second part of the evening was a bi-coastal tele-collaborative concert between David Rosenboom, Dean of the CalArts School of Music in Santa Monica, and pianist B. Floyd and trumpet player Leo Smith in New York City. In each city there were two Disklavier pianos, the one played by the local artist, the second one playing the notes activated by the pianist in the other city. The third part of the evening featured Seina Vasulka in Santa Fe playing a MIDI violin which controller laser videodisk players in both New York and Santa Monica. As she played her violin in Santa Fe she controlled and selected sections of the videodisk showing her playing the same piece 20 years earlier. Also during the course of the evening we took the Santa Monica and New York audiences through a tour of Netscape-based World Wide Web sites on the Internet and discussed the implications of performing artists disseminating their work and working together through this medium. This is an example of many years of collaboration between ECI, Mort Subotnik, David Rosenboom, Mark Coniligo, and CalArts. This collaboration continues with the hope of showcasing at least one "State-Of-The-Art Tele-collaborative Music Performance a year working with the leading avant-garde musicians of our time.	W
13-20 Jan 1994	Art's Birthday: Imag(in)ing Network	Western Front, Vancouver - Latitude 53 Gallery, Edmonton - Banff Centre, Alberta; Sauve in France, Ottawa	Various	Faxes sent to the village of Sauve in the south of France, the birthplace of the originator of Art's Birthday, Robert Filliou. On 17th, Three-Way Videophone Jam! between The Western Front, Latitude 53 Gallery in Edmonton, and the Banff Centre.	W

1990, 1995	Interart Box Number: Project Mail Art exhibition	Garage in Miramar District (1990), El Museo Nacional Palacio de Bellas Artes (1995)	Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, curator	First exhibition of Mail Art in Cuba. In 1990, Gutiérrez mounted a small show for a week in someone's garage. The 1995 show, by contrast, was held in the most prestigious museum of fine arts in the country, attracting 700 participants from 45 countries. The two shows exemplified the increase in mail art exhibitions, across a variety of new geographic areas, in the 1990s.
Nov 1995	Ping Body	Paris (the Pompidou Centre), Helsinki (The Media Lab) and Amsterdam (the Doors of Perception Conference)	Stelarc	At the November 1995 Telepolis 'Fractal Flesh' event, Paris (the Pompidou Centre), Helsinki (The Media Lab) and Amsterdam (for the Doors of Perception Conference) were electronically linked through a performance website allowing the audience to remotely access, view and actuate Stelarc's body via a computer-interfaced muscle-stimulation system based at the main performance site in Luxembourg. Although the body's movements were involuntary, it could respond by activating its robotic Third Hand and also trigger the upload of images to a website so that the performance could be monitored live on the Net. Web server statistics indicated the live event was watched worldwide. During the Ping Body performances, what is being considered is a body moving not to the promptings of another body in another place, but rather to Internet activity itself - the body's proprioception and musculature stimulated not by its internal nervous system but by the external ebb and flow of data. By random pinging (or measuring the echo times) to Internet domains it is possible to map spatial distance and transmission time to body motion. Ping values from 0-2000 milliseconds (indicative of both distance and density levels of Internet activity) are used to activate a multiple muscle stimulator directing 0-60 volts to the body. Thus ping values that indicate spatial and time parameters of the Internet choreograph and compose the performances. A graphical interface of limb motions simulates and initiates the physical body's movements. This, in turn, generates sounds mapped to proximity, positioning and bending of the arms and legs. The Ping Body performances produce a powerful inversion of the usual interface of the body to the Net. Instead of collective bodies determining the operation of the Internet, collective Internet activity moves the body. The Internet becomes not merely a mode of information transmission, but also a transducer, effecting physical action. The performance was carried out with the assistance of Gary Zebington (programming and graphics), Rainer Linz (sound design), Dmitri Aronov (Unix ping software), Mic Gruchy (video) and the Merlin crew in general. The artist has also consulted Adam Burns (Pegasus), Andrew Garton (Toy Satellite) and Andrew Pam (State Film Centre).	W

17 Jan 1996	Art's Birthday Celebrations	Private Radio FM Vancouver, Radio Arcade Vancouver	Various	24 Hours of Radio/ART on PRIVATE RADIO FM 89.3 MHz: radio program featured a variety of audio works which use telecommunications technology, including live phone-in shows, internet chat line exchanges, Internet audio files, tapes pieces, and live performance pieces. Radio Arcade program: a 6 hour public event featured the works of 11 artists - Hank Bull, Don Chow, Peter Courtemanche, Colin Griffiths, Kathy Kennedy, Robert Kozinuk, Bill Mullan, Judy Radul, Adam Sloan, Zainub Verjee, and Lori Weidenhammer.	W

21 Jun-28 Sep 1997	Hybrid Workspace	Documenta X, Kassel	a project by Eike Becker and Geert Lovink/Pit Schultz, Micz Flor, Thorsten Schilling, Heike Foell, Thomax Kaulmann, Moniteurs, the dX team and many others; intitiated by Catherine David (documenta X), Klaus Biesenbach, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Nancy Spector (	Temporary media lab which operated during the 100 days of Documenta X. For the more than 200 participants, this was the "Summer of Content." Fifteen groups consisting of artists, activists, critics and their guests presented their work, produced new concepts and started campaigns that developed and continued after the gathering.	W
9-12 Sep 1997	openX	Ars Electronica	organized and curated by August Black	More than ten different online projects were invited to work on the mezzanine of the Linz Design Center during the festival, and for a week over fifty people spent long days and evenings on their islands of tables and terminals in this localised archipelago of network creativity. Many of the people in the different projects knew and had worked with each other before and were now given the unique opportunity of being able to do what they always do in close physical vicinity: communicate, investigate, write, programme and design in the net.	W
12-15 Nov 1997	Xchange On-Air Session (art+communication #2)	Riga		Event concentrated on net.audio&radio work and included net.radio conference, radio workshop, presentations, discussions about radio development, live music jam sessions and concerts, on-line press conference. There were live web-cam images and live real audio stream from various festival events - presentations, parties, net.radio workshops in different locations. So artists who didn’t come to Riga could follow the event via the internet. From the event, the Xchange net.audio network emerged. Organised by E-lab artist organisation.	W
Dec 1997	Xchange mailing-list initiated.		Xchange	Information & communication channel for creative net broadcasters and audio content providers. Maintained by re-lab.net team in Riga/Latvia.	W
Jul 1997	Xchange	E-lab, Riga, Latvia	Rasa Smite, Raitis Smits and Janis Garancs	Online audio project. Followed by Art + Communication II in Nov 1997, where Xchange, the net.audio network, emerged.
17 Jan 1997	Art's Birthday Fax Project	Digital Art Exchange (DAX) Pittsburgh - Niagara Artists' Centre, St. Catherines, Ontario - Le Lieu, Quebec - Western Front, Vancouver - Tokyo Goethe Gallery, Japan - Sauve, France	Various	Fax exchange between various locations.	W

Jul 1998	Radio Home Run in the Net started	Japan	Tetsuo Kogawa and members	Internet radio station that grew out of mini-FM station. Radio Home Run, after the members became separated in different locations.	W
6-10 Jun 1998	Net.radio Days	Berlin		International net.radio meetings. Organised by newly established Mikro initiative in Berlin and due to Xchange mailinglist that was used for information exchange and co-ordination. One of the most significant focuses of the Berlin Net.Radio Days was about connecting net, radio and physical space. Everyday and any event was taking place in an other location in Berlin Mitte. For example - if one day was held in Mediacube, the high-tech building with good equipment and good internet connectivity, the next day took place in the club WMF with its 'club' atmosphere and djs, mixing incoming net.radio streams.	W
2-4 Jul 1998	Art Servers Unlimited gathering	ICA New Media Centre and Backspace, London		Conference and net.radio event by and about initiatives and organisations in Europe, which focus on supporting the artistic use of the internet. The conference was structured into four parts: the preperatory mailing list [u]-unlimited, working meetings at backspace, the conference at the ICA and the net.radio party 'UNLIMITED' at its New Media Centre. Speakers were: Daniel Molnar/Pararadio/Budapest, Borut Savski/MZX/Ljubljana, Gio D'Angelo/Backspace/London, Rasa Smite/OZOne/Riga, William Rowe/ProteinTV, Pit Schultz/Mikro,Nettime/Berlin was moderator of the net.radio panel.	W
16-18 Jul 1998	Net.radio workshop	Polar Circuit II workshop, Tornio, Finland	Xchange network	Part 1 coordinated by Peteris Kimelis. Radio AURA and 24h live net.broadcasting project initiated by PK - as conclusion of workshop part 1. Part 2 coordinated by Rasa Smite and Raitis Smits. Conducted by E-LAB.	W
8-10 Sep 1998	Acoustic Space/56h LIVE	Linz, Austria	Xchange	Perhaps the largest and longest Xchange project happened. Around 20 members gathered in Linz, Austria, and performed Open-X, a live 56-hour webcast. The "webjam" included a long list of remote participants.	W
Nov 1998	Xchange Unlimited (art+communication #3)	Riga		The festival "Xchange Unlimited" was held together with The Baltic Interface Net meeting. The event was focusing on issues about internet radio development, Interfund establishment, new media culture exchange and networking in Latvia and the Baltic Sea region. Last day workshops - where the participants splited in to 4 groups - was especially fruitful - the idea about establishing Baltic Sea Media Space and the Interfund (virtual foundation that would support new media artists) emerged.	W
17-18 Oct 1998	Net.radio live	Comm_X_Change’98, Basel	Xchange network	Live net.radio event took place in the former Stockmarket building in Basel, during the new media culture and art conference and exhibition "Comm_X_Change'98", organised by Barbara Strebel. Net.radio studio with 4 iMacs and 1 PC for encoding was placed in the big hall together with other locations where happened presentations, conferencing, dinner, parties, everything. Net.radio space was connected to the sound system in the room and all live stream mixing and real audio dj-ing was enjoyable in the hall. The live net.radio project was coordinated by Heath Bunting/London, Luka Frelih/Ljubljana, Rasa Smite/Riga and there were many remote participants from different locations.	W

1999	Independent Media Center established	Seattle	-	Realized the "emancipatory possibilities of a universal computer media network.. unfettered by corporate gatekeepers."
Oct 1999	"Help Us Stay Alive"	FCMM, Montreal	Farmers Manual	12-hour performance. Farmers Manual was invited to Montreal to perform at Nouveau Cinema/ Nouveaux Medias, one of the city's many cutting-edge audio/visual festivals. 'Help Us Stay Alive', the title of FM's performance at the Media Lounge, would be a groundbreaking event on a number of different levels. This event, spanning an entire twelve hours, would be the first time that audience members, both at the performance and on the Internet, would collaborate with a band to manipulate both sounds and visuals. It required the members to design and to create a very intricate network using a surprisingly large number of Macintosh computers.	W
Mar 1999	Streaming Media workshop	Next Five Minutes festival, Amsterdam	Xchange network		W
17 Jan 1999	Art's Birthday	Kunstradio, Vienna - Western Front, Vancouver - Tokyo, Vancouver, Vienna, Montréal, Linz, New York and more	Many	Anna Friz at CiTR FM radio in Vancouver produced the 5th edition of "24 hours of Radio/ART". This event connected with non-stop web broadcasts - squished through the web-sites of Kunstradio in Vienna and Western Front in Vancouver.	W
Jul 1999-Jan 2003	WireFire	Online and at various locations (Brussels, Amsterdam, New York City, Minneapolis, London, Athens, Dresden, Gent, Venice)	Entropy8Zuper	A weekly internet performance.	W

4-16 Jan 2000	Hot Wired Live Art	Bergen, Norway	Approx. 16 artists; initiated by Amanda Steggell and Per Platou	Two week intensive laboratory for beta-testing new software Keystroke being developed by Waag Society team headed by Sher Doruff. Workshop with a number of artists (approx. 16) from Norway, Germany, Holland, Canada, England and Austria culminated in a 2-day public presentation/live art event. Other existing midi/video/sound/net apps (BigEye, Image/ine, Xpose, vidvox prophet, nato0.55, Rocketfuel (live midi jamming), Apple Speech recognition, icontext (chat/ascii-jamming), ivisit, webcam/html/java stuff, i/cube, MAX) were utilised too. Initiated by Motherboard in collaboration with BEK and Bergen Academy of Fine Art.	W
22-25 Jul 2000	placard #3	Paris (and streams from Brussels, Lisbon and Vienna)		Third edition of the Placard headphone festival.
24-26 Aug 2000	art+communication #4: InterCultural Jamming	Riga	Xchange network		W
14-15 Nov 2000	nato.0+55 workshop	DEAF Festival, V2_, Rotterdam	30 artists	The workshop brought together an international developers community for a two day jam session, culminating in a live public event with online and on-site performances. nato.0+55 is a software package (based on MAX) set to revolutionise the realtime manipulation of video.	W
6-8 Oct 2000	net.congestion	Amsterdam	Concept: Adam Hyde. Editorial/curatorial team: Adam Hyde, Eric Kluitenberg, Honor Harger, David García, Geert Lovink (Reader Editorial), Galit Eilat (Curator of Media Bank).	International festival of streaming media. Three day celebration and critique of the new cultures that have arisen from all forms of micro-, narrow- and broad-casting via the internet collectively known as streaming media. Organised by De Balie, Paradiso, De Melkweg, radioqualia, De Waag, Montevideo/TBA.	W
16-17 Jan 2000	Art's Birthday	Vienna, Belgrade, Nove Zamky, Vancouver, Tokyo, Copenhagen, Winnipeg and more	Many	January 16 - live from Vienna, Belgrade, Nove Zamky with Alien Productions, Subtolerance, LENGOW & HEyeRMEarS. January 17th - 24 hours of live radio broadcast on CITR FM 101.9 FM Vancouver, web-cast by the Western Front/FirstFloor Eastside (Vancouver) with connections to Tetsuo Kogawa and DJ Turbonator in Tokyo, Alarm 112 in Copenhagen, Kunstradio (central command station) in Vienna, and Steve Bates in Winnipeg.	W
2000-2007	GPS Trans	Krakow-Warsaw-Chicago-Luxembourg	Marek Choloniewski, Marek Wierzbicki, and others	Series of telematic performances, sound mapping the cities.	W

27-30 Jul 2001	placard #4	Paris - Vienna	Various	Headphone festival.
4-15 Aug 2001	art+communication #5	Riga	Xchange network	Included Acoustic Space Lab symposium, Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Center, August 4-12.	W
Sep 2001	Hot Wired Live Art 2 - Airwaves	Banff, Canada	Various; initiated by Michelle Teran	Workshop sequel to Hot Wired Live Art (Bergen, 2000).	W
2001-2011	Ballettikka Internettikka	Internet - Moscow - Bergen - TV - Ljubljana - Milan - Belgrade - Berlin - Hong Kong - Dresden	Igor Stromajer and Brane Zorman	Series of tactical art projects which began in 2001 with the exploration of internet ballet. It explores wireless internet ballet performances combined with guerrilla tactics and mobile live internet broadcasting strategies.	W
2001	Performance on Demand	WRO Media Art Center, Wroclaw	Anna Plotnicka	The performer finds herself in an isolated space, and has to deal with a set of simple objects of everyday use, such as matches, a jug, a book, a pen, a doll etc. The space is monitored by a camera, and the image is streamed into the Internet in the real time, being one of the elements of the website, through which the audience controlls and influences the artist's activities. The web page contains the interface in the form of a set of icons representing objects and activities, a window with the set of recently choosen commands, and the transmission window. The audience via Internet defines and sends commands for the performer, who observes them on the screen, interprets and executes. Her actions, depending on numbers of visitors choises, are observed in the preview window on the web page. Produced by WRO.	W

26-29 Jul 2002	placard #5	Paris - Tokyo	Various	Live streaming 72h headphone festival.	W
17 Jan 2002	Art's Birthday	Vienna, Vancouver, Australia, Taiwan, Canada, U.K., Austria, Italy	Many	24 hours of network radio art connecting The Western Front Grande Lux, CITR-FM 102 in Vancouver, Kunstradio ORF and "devolve into II" (streams from Australia, Taiwan, Canada, U.K., Austria, and Italy). CITR-FM presents 24 hours of non-stop live radio art. All three production studios will be taken over by local audio artists and DJs. The Western Front will present web-cast performances by Steve Heimbecker, Sutrisno Haratana and Heri Dono, followed by a lavish dinner with performative interruptions. Kunstradio ORF will present a web-cast and radio broadcast by Austrian artists satellite footprintshop.	W
28-30 May 2002	thru*bridge ...a real simulation	Hamburg	telenautik	visuelle und auditive komposition in der mittels zeitgenössischer elektronik die signifikanten taktgeber des areals sternbrücke aufgegriffen, nach zufälligen, statistischen und ästhetischen prinzipien verknüpft, im fundbureau gebündelt und dem areal wieder zugeführt werden.	W

1 Mar 2003	Interfacing Realities	DEAF03 Rotterdam - New York City	Michelle Teran, Isabelle Jenniches, Lodewijk Loos, Eric Redlinger, Arjen Keesmaat and Daniel Vatsky	Live transatlantic performance. The project used the software KeyWorx, developed at Waag Society.	W
26 Apr-29 Jul 2003	placard #6	Tokyo - Hannover - Grenoble - Barcelona - Strasbourg - Lyon - Bordeaux - Neufchatel - Leipzig - Hamburg - Marseille - Brussels - Mulhouse - New York - London - Melbourne - Paris	Various	95-day headphone festival.	W
15-18 May 2003	art+communication #6: Media Architecture	Riga	Xchange network		W
17 Jan 2003	Art's Birthday	Vancouver, Vienna, Tokyo, Weimar and others	Many	Audio art broadcasts on radio and the Internet: a performance of "Doves are grey" by Sergej Mohntau at Kunstradio (Vienna); voices and telephone art at Western Front (Vancouver); the very first transmission from Radio Kinesonus (Tokyo); web-radio from PING FM (Weimar, Germany); 24-hours of Radio Art at CiTR FM 102 (Vancouver).	W
Jul 1999-Jan 2003	WireFire	Online and at various locations (Brussels, Amsterdam, New York City, Minneapolis, London, Athens, Dresden, Gent, Venice)	Entropy8Zuper	A weekly internet performance.	W
2003	Ping Melody	WRO Media Art Centre, Wroclaw	Pawel Janicki	Music-net-performance. Temporary and unique state of all actions of Internet users has an influence on form of music composition. Musician (instrumentalist or singer) is playing on acoustic instrument/singing and sounds coming from instrument/voice are shared in packets of data information (granulated), then transmitted to selected Internet locations (as "ping" unix command). Ping Melody software is based on EyesWeb system from Laboratorio di Informatica Musicale DIST - University of Genoa. Produced by WRO.	W
14-22 Jun 2003	Remote	Faehrstieg - Kulturverein 'Dostlar' - Reiherstiegdeich - Alte Schleuse - Jaffestraße = Hamburg	Many	interdisziplinäres Ausstellungsprojekt an drei verschiedenen Orten in Wilhelmsburg. Grundlage der künstlerischen Arbeit sind die außergewöhnlichen Athmosphären ebenso wie die historischen und sozialen Aspekte der hierfür gewählten Orte. Grundidee ist, künstlerische Produktion experimentell aus den gewohnten Präsentationsräumen (Museen, Galerien) herauszulösen, und stattdessen in einen Dialog mit ausgewählten industriellen und architektonischen Hinterlassenschaften zu treten. Hierbei liegt ein Schwerpunkt bei der Wahrnehmung aus der Distanz (remote = fern). Dieser Aspekt soll ebenfalls in der Wahl der Inhalte und Medien berücksichtigt werden. Dies wird unter anderem mit dem Einsatz von Netzwerktechnologie ermöglicht. Die Entfernung zum gewohnten künstlerischen Lebens- und Schaffensraum und damit auch die Aufgabe vermeintlicher Sicherheit soll als Nährboden die Entwicklung ungewöhnlicher Herangehensweisen fördern.	W

8 May-11 Aug 2004	placard #7	Various	Various	95 Days Non-Stop Streaming Headphone Festival. Included 23 May: first Italian Placard@Peam2004; 48h streaming event (july 23/24); 7-9 August: Placard #7 Tokyo.	W
15 Apr 2004	Anyware	The Kitchen, New York City and locations in other 13 cities	Various	International realtime networked, collaborative performance. Artists from 14 cities around the world simultaneously broadcast video and audio via the internet and collaborated/jammed remotely with one another.	W
30 Sep-3 Oct 2004	art+communication #7: Trans Cultural Mapping	Riga	Xchange network		W
17 Jan 2004	Art's Birthday	Vancouver, Winnipeg, Ottawa, Montréal, Québec City, Columbus Ohio, Helsinki, Weimar, Vienna, Melbourne, Sydney and Tokyo	Many	Artists from around the world streamed sensor data with the intent of activating robotic devices in various social spaces. Cake was consumed. The data streaming project was developed during Scrambled_Bites - a year long artist residency at the Western Front.	W
29 Mar-8 Apr 2004	Multiplace	Bratislava, Trnava, Zilina, Prague	Many	New media culture festival.	W

2 Jun-4 Sep 2005	le placard #8	Various	Various	Headphone streaming festival. Included: 3-4 Sep: Placard Tokyo. 4 Sep: Rotterdam Headphone Lounge, V2 links up with Le Placard. 10 Sep: London-Poitiers simultaneous stream (State51, London/Goto10, Poitiers).	W
14-17 Jan 2005	Art's Birthday: Permanent Creation (incl. Reverie: noise city)	Western Front in Vancouver, The New Gallery and EMMAX in Calgary, Videopool in Winnipeg, Modern Fuel Gallery in Kingston, Studio XX in Montréal, art@radio in Baltimore, Share New York, Kunstradio in Vienna, MLAB in Helsinki, and Radio Kinesonus in Tokyo	Many	Reverie: noise city is a virtual urban landscape (on the Web). Inside this city, an ever-expanding group of international sound artists will build venues for their work. Reverie imagines an urban landscape that includes a variety of poetic extrapolations on the types of regions that exist in our cities - a merging of Sunset Boulevard, Lower Manhattan, boat houses on the canal, the Surrey Landfill site, and a public botanical garden of the future. Over time, the growing collection of audio art venues will define a structure of neighbourhoods and communities in which artists plan time-based events and engage other inhabitants in collaboration and exchange. There will be an Exchange-Art Festival between all of the artists in the virtual city from Friday, January 14th to Monday, January 17th 2005. This will include on-site performances, concerts, radio-broadcasts and generative audio installations at Western Front, Studio XX, Radio Kinesonus, Kunstradio and other locations around the world.	W
28 Oct 2005	ORBITA[05] Festival	Chile, Sweden and Spain	Rafael Ortega + Pernilla Hägg + Isabel Aranda, María Dominguez Alba + Vicente Pastor, Israel Sánchez; Sara Malinarich (director, Spain), Ximena Narea (curator, Sweden), Kathie Bustos (production, Chile)	International Festival for Action through Webcam.	W
17-24 Apr 2005	Multiplace	Bangalore, Bratislava, Brno, Krakow, Opava, Pardubice, Prague, Providence, Trnava, Zilina	Many	New media culture festival.	W

24-26 Aug 2006	art+communication #8: Waves	Riga			W
3 Jun-21 Oct 2006	le placard #9	Canada - Slovakia - Sweden - France - Finland - Belgium - Japan - Germany - Switzerland - US - Netherlands..	Various	Included: 4-7 Aug: the 72-hours non-stop 'grand placard', La Generale, Paris. DOCUMENTARY VIDEO about placard #9: http://public-access.org/archives/264	W
14-18 Jan 2006	Art's Birthday: TransDadaExpress, The 90th Anniversary of Dada	Western Front in Vancouver, Video Pool Inc. in Winnipeg, Kunstradio Vienna, Ars Acustica Group, NoiseCity Helsinki, Studio XX in Montreal, Radio Kinesonus in Tokyo, Radio Grenouille in Marseille, Glee Club in New Brunswick, CKLN FM in Toronto, Czech Radio	Many	Global network exchange. Radio, satellite, streaming, breakfast, dinner, parties, cake.	W
2006-2007	Intact Project	Paris - Asturias; Paris - Asturias - Cuenca; Santiago de Compostela; Paris - Cuenca	Sara Malinarich (initiator), Manuel Terán and Alexandre Berthier (coordinators), and others		W
21-30 Apr 2006	Multiplace	Bratislava, Trnava, Žilina, Košice, Brno, Praha, Hainburg, Wien, Glasgow, Káhira, Providence	Many	New media culture festival.	W
2006	Transmutations	Tokyo-Brussels-Beijing (1); Berlin-Tokyo-Beijing (2); Prague (3)	Society of Algorithm	(2) During Sonambiente Berlin festival society of algorithm created an internet piece based on an evolving online matrix that is read out at the same time as sound and image. over 2 months' time participants from locations outside berlin could connect to the abstract matrix to intervene in the generative process using algorithms that affect the evolution ... the piece can be considered an extended 'netzmusik' work using an online feedback mechanism creating slow changes in the visualisation and sonification of the abstract data.	W
Mar 2006	NODE.London	London	Many	NODE.London - Networked, Open, Distributed, Events. London was a "season of media arts" held first in small scale in beginning of October 2005 and then throughout March 2006 as a distributed festival by a number of individuals and groups in London, England. In March, there were around 150 media art projects organized in over 40 locations ranging from exhibitions, screenings installations, participatory events, performance-based work, to other forms. This document examines various aspects of preparation of the season which may be interesting for other event-aimed openly organized groups around the world.	W
2006	Eutopia	Školská28 Gallery Prague - St Martins College London	Steven Ball, Martin Blazicek	Eutopia is an improvised video performance creating new architectural structures based on images from Prague and London. The theme is architecture and movement, and the way in which architecture shapes movement in urban structures, together with its ever-changing visuals. The latest composition is put togetehr from a series of isolated image fragments of the city environment, creating a new integrated space by means of a video composition (Eutopia = in translation “joyous place�). The performance takes place in two simultaneous presentations in Prague and London, put together in one image and simultaneously projected in both places.	W

2007	æther9	Performances at various events	Many		W
31 May-10 Jun 2007	art+communication #9: Spectral Ecology	Riga			W
Jan-Dec 2007	placard #10	Various	Various	Included: 29-31 Mar: Placard at Pixelache festival, Helsinki. 10-12 Aug: Privatelektro Headphone Festival IV, Leipzig.	W
14-20 Jan 2007	Art's Birthday: 100 Years of Radio – The Return of Wireless Imagination	Vancouver, Prague, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Vienna, Antwerp, Berlin, Montréal, Tokyo, Hainburg, Toronto, Brussels, Belfast, Valencia and others	Many	Global network exchange. Radio, satellite, streaming, breakfast, dinner, parties, cake.	W
2006-2007	Intact Project	Paris - Asturias; Paris - Asturias - Cuenca; Santiago de Compostela; Paris - Cuenca	Sara Malinarich (initiator), Manuel Terán and Alexandre Berthier (coordinators), and others		W
13-22 Apr 2007	Multiplace	Brno, Prague, Budapest, Kielce, Cluj, Bratislava, Kosice, Trnava, Zilina, Providence	Many	Network culture festival.	W
2000-2007<